7 In the last hundred years, styles have included the ornate and highly decorative soap and cosmetic ads of the 1890s, the clean lines of the art deco designs of the 1920s and 1930s, and the psychedelic poster like ads of the 1960s and early 1970s. More recently, the clean, orderly, Swiss Gothic look of the 1980s yielded in the 1990s to more traditional and formal design, possibly in response to an economic recession and a serious public mood. It is, says design expert Roy Paul Nelson, all a matter of coordinating art and typography with content.

　　These changes reflect the efforts of creative professionals and entrepreneurs to fashion effective messages. _________________________8_____________________________Advertising that works is therefore an index of popular culture. That was recognized as far back as 1917, when writer Norman Douglas claimed, “You can tell the ideals of a nation by its advertisements.” Thus, changes in advertising over the years have been closely tied to changes in American society as a whole.

　　IV. Paraphrase the following sentences in English. (20 points)

　　1. It's about as likely that an ape will prove to have a language ability as that there is an island somewhere with a species of flightless birds waiting for human beings to teach them to fly.

　　2. The accession of English to its global position was anything but a planned development, although proponents of theories of cultural imperialism might not entirely agree with such a statement.

　　3. To a degree impossible to exaggerate, the cause of American independence was aided by the clumsiness of Britain's wartime leadership, both civilian and military.

　　V. Turn the following into English. (20 points)

　　1. 圣诞夜，城里到处张灯结彩，呈现出一派节日气氛。

　　2. 子曰：“古之学者为己，今之学者为人。”

　　3. 在交叉路口转弯的时候，我的自行车把一位陌生先生的右脚踝压伤了。

　　VI. Write a summary of the following passage in Chinese. Write in no more than 300 Chinese characters. (28 points)略

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